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Loyola Marymount University, USA
Title:The Measurement of Gender Expression in Survey Research: Findings From Three Recent Studies in the United States
The measurement of gender expression (degree of femininity and masculinity) is an evolving area of survey methodology, with recent scholarship exploring its theoretical underpinnings and methods for implementation. Gender expression refers to how people communicate their gender to others through behavior and appearance and can provide insight into diversity within gender categories that are otherwise assumed to be monolithic (e.g., differences in health and social outcomes for feminine-presenting cisgender girls and women compared to masculine-presenting cisgender girls and women, etc.). This presentation will provide an overview of gender expression measurement practices by drawing on three recent nationally representative studies conducted in the United States—the first of adolescents and their parents (n=279), the second of youth and young adults ages 10 to 34 years old (n=5,207), and the third of older adults ages 50+ (n=1,018). All three studies measured respondents’ self- and reflected appraisals of gender expression (how one sees themselves, how they think others see them) on seven-point unipolar scales where the end points were labeled Not at all and Very, in a grid that asked about femininity followed by masculinity. The presentation will address the sociological theory behind these measures (conceptualizing gender as both interaction and social structure) and methodological considerations, including issues related to data quality and item nonresponse. Findings will explore population-level differences by age, gender, and race/ethnicity and emphasize how the survey measurement of gender expression can advance understandings of how gender operates as a social category more broadly.
Christopher Hansen is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. He received his PhD from Loyola University Chicago, MA from the University of Chicago, and BA from the College of William and Mary. Dr. Hansen is a survey methodologist with special expertise in sexual and gender minority (SGM) health and population research. His research focuses on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) measurement in the context of SGM and general population survey studies. Dr. Hansen’s published work appears in leading survey methods and health science journals.