Feminist and LGBTQ+ Studies

Abstract

The Arab woman is a multifaceted figure, enriched by cultural diversity, remarkable resilience, and significant contributions to all aspects of society. She is a vital and indispensable force in the construction and development of the MENA region. Her role is essential in both the private and public spheres, and her potential serves as a driving force for progress and transformation, both within the region and beyond.The role of women in global transformation raises several key issues, particularly from the Arab perspective. These include access to education, healthcare, employment, and equitable economic opportunities for women. Moreover, addressing gender discrimination, violence against women, and the cultural and societal barriers that limit their full participation  in development and decision-making processes is of critical importance. Recognizing and valuing women’s contributions at all levels of society, while promoting their leadership and representation in political, economic, and social spheres, are essential to achieving inclusive and egalitarian global transformation.

Arab women are essential actors in various fields such as the economy, politics, civil society, culture, and education. Here are some aspects of their contribution:

In the economy, They are increasingly involved in entrepreneurship, small business development, and leadership in corporate sectors. Despite existing challenges such as limited access to capital and societal expectations, many women are driving innovation and contributing to economic growth in their countries. Governments and organizations across the MENA region have begun implementing initiatives to empower women economically, recognizing their potential to bolster productivity and diversify economic portfolios.

In politics, they have made significant strides, with growing representation in parliaments, ministries, and local governance. In countries like Tunisia, , women are taking up leadership roles and actively participating in policy-making processes. These women not only advocate for gender equality but also address broader issues such as social justice, human rights, and sustainable development. Their presence is crucial for ensuring that legislation reflects the diverse needs of society, promoting inclusive governance that transcends gender barriers.

Within Tunisian civil society, women have long been at the forefront of movements advocating for social change, human rights, and community development. Many serve as activists, founders of NGOs, and grassroots organizers. Their efforts in combating genderbased violence, promoting women's rights, and advocating for equality in both private and 
public life have had transformative effects, inspiring future generations to engage in advocacy.

The role of Arab women in culture is equally significant, as they contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage while also pushing the boundaries of artistic expression. Whether through literature, film, art, or music, women in the Arab world are shaping narratives that reflect their experiences and challenge traditional gender roles. Many are using creative platforms to raise awareness of social issues, promote cultural diversity, and foster dialogue between different communities.

In education, they have emerged as both learners and educators, with increasing enrollment in universities and higher education institutions across the region. Many have pursued careers 
as teachers, professors, and researchers, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in various fields. Women's access to education has a direct impact on their empowerment, equipping them with the skills and knowledge needed to engage meaningfully in public and professional spheres.

Together, these contributions make Arab women indispensable to the development of their societies. By overcoming obstacles and advocating for systemic changes, they are shaping the future of the MENA region and asserting their role as key actors in regional and global progress.

However, geopolitical tensions and conflicts can have devastating consequences on the wellbeing of women, their security, and their access to humanitarian aid, particularly in conflict zones. Four major reasons can be cited that hinder the flourishing and advancement of women:

1. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV): Women are often victims of sexual violence, including rape, domestic violence, and sexual slavery, during times of conflict. Armed groups may use sexual violence as a weapon of war to intimidate, humiliate, and terrorize civilian populations. These atrocities result in deep physical and psychological trauma for women and compromise their personal security.

2. Forced displacement: Conflicts often result in massive population displacements, with women and children constituting a significant proportion of displaced persons. These forced displacements expose women to increased risks of violence, exploitation, and human trafficking. Additionally, displaced women may be separated from their families, lose access to healthcare and education, and face precarious living conditions in refugee camps or displacement areas

3. Restricted access to humanitarian aid: Geopolitical tensions and conflicts can impede humanitarian organizations' access to affected populations, notably due to security restrictions, blockades, roadblocks, and other logistical obstacles. Consequently, women and girls may have limited or nonexistent access to essential services such as healthcare, education, clean water, food, and shelter. Women attempting to access humanitarian aid may also be exposed to risks of violence and exploitation.

4. Weakening of social support systems: Conflicts often disrupt existing social support systems, including healthcare services and social protection networks. This can make women more vulnerable to poverty, malnutrition, illness, and maternal and infant deaths. Moreover, conflicts can destroy critical civilian infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and water supply systems, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis and women's living conditions.

Biography

Pr.Najet Zammouri is a pedagogic consultant and a prominent Tunisian human rights activist and a key figure in the struggle for gender equality and individual freedoms. She has been active in the human rights field since the 1990s and has made significant contributions to advocating for women's rights and public liberties in Tunisia.Currently she serves as the prime vice president of *La Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l'Homme* (Tunisian Human Rights League), an organization that was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015. 
President and founder of the feminist association"Felha pour la culture et la citoyenneté ".
Throughout her career, Najet Zammouri has focused on protecting human rights, sub-saharian migrant rights and particularly in the context of gender equality. She has also played a vital role in organizing feminist movements and coordinating efforts between civil society, politicians, and public institutions on national, regional and global levels.
Zammouri is the focal point of the "Every Woman Treaty "Coalition in Tunisia advocating for a global treaty to end violence against women and girls. She has received several national and international awards for her activism and author of many op-eds related to HR.